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The movement for compulsory public education in the United States began in the early 1920s. It started with the Smith-Towner bill, a bill that would eventually establish the National Education Association and provide federal funds to public schools. Eventually, it became the movement to mandate public schooling and dissolve parochial and other private schools.〔Slawson, D. (2005) The Department of Education Battle, 1918-1932. University Of Notre Dame Press〕 The movement focused on the public's fear of immigrants and the need to Americanize; it had anti-Catholic overtones and found support from groups like the Ku Klux Klan.〔 The movement gained some legislative attention when a 1920 Michigan referendum for compulsory public education received 40% of the vote.〔Ross, pp. 443–50〕 In 1922 Oregon passed a similar referendum. Eventually this law was challenged and unanimously struck down by the U.S. Supreme Court in ''Pierce v. Society of Sisters''.〔 The movement experienced a post–World War II revival when members of the elite began to fear the power of the Catholic Church and wanted to ensure public funds were not finding their way to parochial schools.〔 Some compared parochial schools to segregation and accused them of hindering democracy.〔McGreevy, p. ?〕 == First Wave: 1920s == In the 1920s the idea of compulsory public education gained traction in various states, largely as a reaction against parochial schools. The Ku Klux Klan supported the movement. In Michigan the movement achieved a referendum on the subject in 1920, but won less than 40 percent of the vote.〔 In Oregon a similar measure passed in 1922. Campaigning for it, the Ku Klux Klan “circulated a tract that pictured a grinning, torch-wielding Catholic bishop triumphantly departing from a burning public school house whose teacher rang the school bell one last time as he lay dying in the vestibule, mourned by crying children.”〔Ross, p. 452〕 In ''Pierce v. Society of Sisters'' (1925) the U.S. Supreme Court unanimously struck down Oregon's law. The decision was widely hailed by progressive elites such as the presidents of Yale University and the University of Texas, the ''Journal of Education'', John Dewey, future supreme court justice Felix Frankfurter, and the National Education Association.〔Tyack, pp. 74 and82〕 抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』 ■ウィキペディアで「Compulsory public education in the United States」の詳細全文を読む スポンサード リンク
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